Asset Management in Banks!
Understanding Nature of Assets:
Resources owned and controlled by a business
Assets are used to run a business
Assets are the sources of revenue
Some assets are simply financial contracts
Some assets are subject to depreciation
Some assets are subject to appreciation
Understanding Asset of a Bank:
Cash
Balance with other Banks & FIs
Money at Call and Short Notice
Investments
Loans and Advances
Fixed Assets
Other Assets
Non-banking Assets
Grouping of Asset for Management
Asset Group Based on Earning
Zero-Earning Assets
Low-Earning Assets
High-Earning Assets
Asset Group Based on Liquidity
Liquid Assets
Semi-Liquid
Illiquid Assets
Zero-Earning Asset
Cash
Fixed Assets
Other Assets
Non-banking Assets
Management of Non-Earning Asset
Comply regulatory requirement
Neither excess nor insufficient liquidity
Rethink about purchase or lease of fixed asset
Consider tax implications of fixed asset decision
Hold as minimum as possible
Low-Earning Asset
Balance with other Banks & FIs
Money at Call and Short Notice
Investments
Management of Low-Earning Asset
Consider Liquidity Management Strategy
+ Asset conversion strategy
+ Borrowed Liquidity Strategy
+ Balanced Liquidity Strategy
Hold neither excess nor insufficient liquidity
Comply regulatory requirement
Consider tax implications
High-Earning Asset
Loans
Advances
Management of High-Earning Asset
Plan for a diversified earning asset portfolio
Create and maintain asset quality
Hold as high as possible
Manage Related Risk
Manage NPA
Managing Asset Portfolio
Review Regulatory Environment
Consider Government Priority
Ensure Diversification
Consider Term-Structure Liability
Managing Asset Portfolio
Create and Maintain Asset Quality
Maximize the volume within legal requirement
Offer best quality service at a competitive price
Offer quality support services
Ensure Proper Risk Management
worldbanks.news
Types of Credit Risk
+Credit Risk
+Standalone.
+ Portfolio
+ Default
+ Downgrade
+ Concentration
+ Systematic
Causes of Standalone Credit Risk
- Improper or weak need assessment
- Wrong structuring
- Insufficient cash flow generation
- Failure to understand forex risk
- Name lending ignoring fundamentals
- Lack of monitoring of approval condition
- Lack of proper succession
- Insufficient security and guarantee
- Incomplete documentation
- Undermining the importance of interbank deposits and OBSA
- Poor Governance (corruption, failure to stand in pressure, related party transaction)
Causes of Portfolio Credit Risk
- Credit concentration
- Economic downturn
- Absence of in-depth portfolio review (Structure, Quality, Security, Guarantee, delinquent performance, monitoring, provision)
Credit Risk Management
- Traditional Approach to CRM
- New Approaches
Traditional Approaches to CRM
- Formulation of lending guideline and implementation
- Selection of Good Borrower by improving credit Appraisal standard
- Segregation of Duties in Lending Functions
- Diversification of Credit Portfolio
- Asset classification
- Formulation of lending guideline and implementation
- Selection of Good Borrower by improving credit Appraisal standard
- Segregation of Duties in Lending Functions
- Diversification of Credit Portfolio
- Asset classification
- Provision for known expected losses
- Capitalization for unknown losses
- Mitigation of risk by taking collateral and guarantee, insurance
- Portfolio monitoring/ review/ workout
Limitations of Traditional Approaches
- Information asymmetry and adverse selection
- Credit limit should be tied up with capital. What is the prudent limit?
- Diversification should not come at the cost specialization
- Provision is a curative way of handling credit risk
Modern Approaches of CRM
- Credit Derivatives
- Credit Swap
- Total Return swap
- Loan portfolio swap
- Credit options
- Securitization
- Factoring
- Loan sales
Management of NPA
- Non-legal Measures
- Legal Measures
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국외선물은 해외에서 거래되는 파생금융상품 중 하나로, 특정 기초자산(예시: 주식, 화폐, 상품 등)을 바탕로 한 옵션 계약을 의미합니다. 본질적으로 옵션은 지정된 기초자산을 향후의 특정한 시기에 일정 금액에 매수하거나 팔 수 있는 권리를 제공합니다. 외국선물옵션은 이러한 옵션 계약이 외국 시장에서 거래되는 것을 지칭합니다.
외국선물은 크게 매수 옵션과 매도 옵션으로 나뉩니다. 매수 옵션은 명시된 기초자산을 미래에 정해진 금액에 사는 권리를 부여하는 반면, 매도 옵션은 명시된 기초자산을 미래에 일정 금액에 매도할 수 있는 권리를 허락합니다.
옵션 계약에서는 미래의 특정 일자에 (만기일이라 불리는) 정해진 금액에 기초자산을 매수하거나 매도할 수 있는 권리를 보유하고 있습니다. 이러한 가격을 행사 금액이라고 하며, 만기일에는 해당 권리를 행사할지 여부를 결정할 수 있습니다. 따라서 옵션 계약은 투자자에게 향후의 시세 변화에 대한 보호나 수익 창출의 기회를 부여합니다.
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국외선물 거래의 원리
실행 금액(Exercise Price): 외국선물에서 행사 금액은 옵션 계약에 따라 지정된 금액으로 약정됩니다. 만료일에 이 금액을 기준으로 옵션을 행사할 수 있습니다.
만료일(Expiration Date): 옵션 계약의 만기일은 옵션의 행사가 불가능한 최종 날짜를 지칭합니다. 이 날짜 다음에는 옵션 계약이 종료되며, 더 이상 거래할 수 없습니다.
매도 옵션(Put Option)과 매수 옵션(Call Option): 풋 옵션은 기초자산을 명시된 가격에 매도할 수 있는 권리를 부여하며, 콜 옵션은 기초자산을 지정된 금액에 사는 권리를 허락합니다.
계약료(Premium): 해외선물 거래에서는 옵션 계약에 대한 계약료을 납부해야 합니다. 이는 옵션 계약에 대한 가격으로, 시장에서의 수요와 공급에 따라 변화됩니다.
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Chain Analysis and Elliptic — Employed by exchanges to confirm Anti-Money Laundering adherence and monitor unlawful operations.
Final Thoughts
Making sure secure and legal TRON-based USDT payments is crucial. Platforms like TRX Explorer and Anti-Money Laundering tools help guard traders from interacting with illicit funds, promoting a protected and regulated cryptocurrency space.